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I'm going to have to go back to the next slide. I'm going to have to go back to the next slide. I'm going to have to go back to the next slide. I'm going to have to go back to the next slide. I'm going to have to go back to the next slide. I'm going to have to go back to the next slide. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do it. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do it. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do it. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do it. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do it. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do it. I'm not sure if I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm sorry. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to go to the bathroom. I'm going to do it. Thank you. to I'm going to get you a little bit more. I can hold it. Sorry to interrupt and sorry we're running late everybody. Okay, yeah, I could hold it. Sorry to interrupt and sorry we're running late everybody. So good evening. I'm Liz Bondy with the LA County Department of Agriculture. Thank you so much for being here tonight. I'm going to discuss just general coyote biology, laws and regulations and then what we could do to prevent coyote conflicts. So, oh, is this the only slide? I'm so sorry that the sun is blocking it. But yeah, oh, oh, thank you. So yeah, you guys have probably been staring at the first slide for a while, so that was actually a coyote that was GPS-collared at Griffith Park. So they're found all throughout LA County now. In fact, they are native here. They're the third most common fossil found in the LaBria tarpets. So scientists predict that they've been here for at least 46,000 years. All right, next please. Here's another depiction of coyotes in LA. So, yeah, I'm sorry again, you guys could barely see that. The white part or the supposed to be pink represents high habitat suitability rating. Test. So the urbanized part of L.A. County is actually a pretty good habitat for them. They don't do that well at higher altitudes. Next, please. And here's another depiction of their range in the United States. So that dark blob or the red blob is from 1900. So it's the oldest records we have of coyotes. So they've been in California all the way down to Mexico. And then during the 1920s, the US Wildlife Services for 10 years from 1920 to 1930s spent millions of dollars to eradicate anything detrimental to livestock. So that included wolves, coyotes, bears, mountain lions. And we pushed them to the, what we consider wild areas now. But that did not work for coyotes. They are an exception to the rule. And even because of the eradication techniques or attempts on them, they were able to spread all throughout the United States after that point, because we got rid of their worst competition, the wolves. So they're now found and are problematic to people in Chicago, to people in New York City. If you could see here at their latest expansion, they are found even in Panama. And if they could get past the Darian gap, they'll be the first medium-sized mammal to come into South America into a really long time. All right, next please. So besides, their successful spread due to us on accident, they're also extremely successful just because they're highly versatile. So they are the ultimate opportunists. If there's anything smaller than them, they'll probably eat it. So here's a list of common things. They do take care of some of our rodents, also birds, rabbits, squirrels. Sometimes they will hunt in packs to get deer, dead animals, lizards, and then unfortunately, our beloved livestock and pets. And also trash and compost for the professor that we've worked with, we give her the coyotes that we take. She looks at their stomach contents and she's found, she's sold in them, she's found condoms. So anything that they could get their mouths on, they'll eat it. They could also forage singly and impacts. And last but not least, they can adjust their litter size with the amount of resources in the area. So that's probably the reason why we're their litter size with the amount of resources in the area. So that's probably the number one thing that stopped us from removing them from most of the country like we did with the other wildlife. So if you have 25% of the population left the pregnant females that are remaining will sense the Access resources in the area and they might adjust their litter size to 14 pups instead of the usual six to eight For identification I'm sure you guys know what a coyote looks like but just to go through the basics basics, they have those pretty big ears relative to their face, almost like cat ears. They have a long snout, a long bushy tail, and a lot of them have this trademark black tip at the end of it. And they are small on the west coast. So the biggest they get is 35 to 37 pounds, but on average they're 22 to 23 pounds. People commonly mistake them for dogs, so some of the differences between them are that coyotes will typically carry their tail downwards while they're walking, while dogs will carry them up. Coyotes have a little bit of a wider gate when they're walking and when they are walking their neck sort of their neck goes straight out or horizontally where as a dog will go straight up and be more vertical. So yeah, I already have a pop quiz for you. Next slide please. This was a coyote complaint that we got in Compton. Is this a coyote or a dog? What are your guesses? Yes, yes. This one is a dog. Yes, it has its tail straight up. Its tail is not as bushy, its nose is not as sharp. It has its neck straight up. And last but not least, it couldn't jump that five foot fence. Oh yeah, easily. All right, next slide. As for coyote behavior, so we generally think of coyotes as ancturnal, but they're actually naturally active during the daytime. There was this study in Washington State where they just put a bunch of game cameras in forest and the coyotes were walking leisurely all throughout the day. So they switched to nocturnal behavior in the cities to avoid us. It's not unusual to see them in the daytime if your neighborhood is extra quiet, if there's a lack of human presence. Or if at this time of year when it is pup season, they have more malstip feed. And they are very intelligent. One of the signs of intelligence is curiosity. So if they are staring at you from afar, it's not necessarily a sign of aggression. They could just be observing you. And last but not least, they're territorial. So it's still up in the air, what their territory size is. But what scientists have found in the area so far is that it's extremely variable. So each color in this picture represents a single coyote that a UC scientist has GPS colored, so this male in blue just hangs out in somebody's backyard while this female in pink just goes over the whole mountain range of rural and heights. So that's not what we expected. One general rule for biology is that a territory size has to be bigger if the food resources are scarce just to maintain that coyote. So that's actually really good for us. If we remove the food and habitat in our neighborhood, then that would force the coyotes in your area to increase their territory size and kick other coyotes out. For coyote life history, it conveniently fits into one year. So the young are born now. March, April and May. They have a pretty strict timeline for that in Southern California. After the mother keeps them in a den. So in my experience in the urban environment, that could be an open space underneath a deck or a shed or if you have a compromised cross space underneath your house they will take that opportunity or a covert or even just digging a hole on the side of a hill. Especially if there's a lack of human presence. One thing that I find in common with finding dens in the urban environment, it's always in backyards that lack a human presence. Like somebody has been on vacation for a few weeks or they just never go into their backyard. After the pups are born, they will emerge from their den within three weeks and then they'll tag along with their parents for about six months. So they'll disperse in late summer, or they'll stay with their parents and form the PAC unit. And then mating season will be in the winter and early spring, mating pairs will form, and the cycle happens all over again. So you could go from birth to becoming a fully reproductive adult within a year. for the legal status of coyotes, the California Department of Fish and Game has four categories for wildlife here, so there's specially protected or endangered animals, and then you have animals that have a lot of regulation. The fur bearers and the game animals, so there's a limit on how many of those animals you could take, what season you could take them in, et cetera, and then the last category is non-game animals. So that's just the rest of the animals. There's no regulations on them. So there's no protections for coyotes outside of general animal abuse. However, you do have to follow the rest of the laws. So there's no registered pesticides for coyotes. I strongly do not recommend using or attempting to poison them. It could accidentally kill a non-target or cause secondary poisoning for somebody else that eats a dead animal. And then it's also illegal to relocate them. It's illegal to relocate any wildlife in California unless you have a permit from the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. And they usually only give those out if you have especially protected or endangered animal. The reasons why it's not a good idea to relocate is because you don't know what diseases this animal has and if you'll introduce it into the new location that you're bringing it in. And then for territorial animals like coyotes, it's actually more cruel than kind because they'll try to make their way back to their old territory and get hit by a car or starve in the process. Or they'll just fight with the coyote that's already in that territory because as we've discussed earlier, they're extremely successful. So if there's an environment that's lucrative for them, there will already be a coyote there. And then last but not least, it's illegal to feed them. It is a misdemeanor. So can I have the next slide please? This is the LA County Code of Ordinances that states it. It's illegal to feed any predatory animal like a raccoon or a coyote or any rodents. So that includes squirrels and rats. So please do not copy this lady who was caught red handed in San Francisco handing out red meat to a coyote, literally. So yeah, for the legal status that is within your rights you could hire a private trooper since they don't have any protections if you wanted to dispatch a coyote that would be the easiest way since it's the other restrictions that I stated make it really limited. But these three tips that I will go over right now, we can also get rid of coyotes from your neighborhood or at least decrease conflicts without having to spend money on that. So I'm going to go over exclusion, sanitation and hazing. Next please, thank you. So as I mentioned earlier,oyote could jump five to six feet easily. It is pretty difficult to exclude them. I'm not sure if this area has any building and code laws on extending your fence higher than that. Do you grace? Okay. It's six feet. Okay, so there are there are limits on that. So so the next best thing would be to if you have small dogs or cats would be to build a small outdoor enclosure like a a caddo or a dog run. And if you can't do that, then I would supervise your cat or dog whenever they're outside. Even for five minutes, when they're going to the bathroom, that's all it takes for a coyote to jump over, take your pet and jump back. And if they are interested in your pet, they can memorize their bathroom schedule. So they're pretty fast. To avoid coyote catching interest in your dog I would frequently pick up its droppings just so it doesn't catch scent. And then if all of that is out of your budget there's also products out there like coyote armor which is a vest, a mylar vest with spikes in the neck and back area. There's no scientific evidence that those work, but it makes common sense because those are the areas where coyotes will attack the most. So if you don't have time to supervise your pet, but you would like it outside and you can't afford the prior options, then that's another one for possibly increasing its survival. So as I mentioned right now it's pup season from March to May. Coyotes they are the ultimate opportunists. This is a picture that I took from Hossie into Heights last year. So it was an above ground pool and they managed to dig a hole underneath it and have about eight pups underneath. So they will take any opportunity to have their den. So I think it's coming to an end this year, but for next year I would definitely take a look around, make sure you don't give them any chances. And then as for sanitation, coyotes do eat fruit as a major part of their diet in the city, so if you have any fruit trees, I would make sure that there's no low hanging fruit or fruit on the ground for them to get to. The University of California also recommends that if you have any dense bushes or low hanging trees to trim them from the ground one to three feet so you don't create any hiding places for them. If you have pets that's especially important because you don't want the coyote to ambush from those areas. And then they do eat bird seed and even if they're not interested in it, as you could see from this photo, rats love bird seed. So you don't want to create a food chain. If you have bird feeders, I would either remove them at night or get one with a baffle on top so that the squirrels and rats can't get to them and then sweep up the birdseed on the bottom. And then make sure your trash and compost is inaccessible. Coyotes aren't as handy as raccoons, but they still have been known to tip over trash cans, especially the day before trash day and get their fill that way. So if you can't keep your trash in the garage before trash day, I would at least secure it with a budget cord. That's the lid to the trash can and possibly even the trash can to the wall. And lastly, please limit the time that pet food and water is outside. That's just for all pest in general. Raccoons love pet food, so do rats. So we don't, again, we don't want to create a ecosystem in our backyards. And then last but not least, I want to talk about hazing. So that's being aggressive towards coyotes in whatever way you feel comfortable with. So there's no scientific evidence that hazing works, but there's plenty of anecdotal evidence, especially if you do it consistently. So my favorite is just walking towards them while clapping my hands, but you could also yell, you could throw objects in the coyotes direction, you could use noise makers like a whistle or air horn or even opening a garbage bag in front of them. Pots and pans using your spray hose if you happen to be gardening and seeing it at the moment. So you could get creative with it. If you notice the coyote in your backyard at night when you're asleep at 3 a.m. and you don't want it in your backyard, it's not feasible for you to go out there at 3 a.m. and haze it. So there are passive hazing devices. I do have to give a disclaimer that coyotes are very intelligent again. So they might learn to ignore the cues over time, but it may work temporarily, especially if you switch it up and move it around from time to time. So passive deterrence include motion sensor lights, motion sensor sprinklers. So one example of motion sensor lights is predator eyes, which just is two red lights that you could move from place to place that the coyote might think of is a bigger animal. There's products like this that are combo motion sensor, lights sprinkler and noise makers. As you could see, or if you can't see, it doesn't have coyotes listed in what it repels, but it may work temporarily. And then there's experimental studies going on right now to see if flage or flage re works for coyotes. So it definitely works for protecting livestock from wolves where you tie a colorful ribbon continuously around your fence. It may work for coyotes. And even just something simple, like if you see coyote indentations in your lawn where they're laying down, or you see coyote droppings where they've been coming frequently, just putting piles of pepper there or putting rags dipped in ammonia all around the perimeter of your property might spook them enough to move on to another person's backyard if you don't or another green space if you don't want them there. All right. Next please. For extra tips to protect dogs, I would be extra vigilant during this time since they are having their pubs and their dens. There is this behavior called S-cording where a dog, a coyote, will follow you from five to six feet behind if you are close to it's den or if you are in its territory and it will lead you out of it. So some people get really intimidated by that. The coyote is being defensive, not aggressive. So I would just be extra vigilant. If you find yourself in that situation, never turn your back and start walking or riding away just because that coyote instinct to chase might kick in. The best thing to do is to stand your ground. So get your dog as close to you as possible. That's why I always recommend tight leashes over retractable ones just so you have more control. And then turn around and make eye contact with that coyote, haze that coyote from afar. So use your noise maker if you don't have it with you, yell, throw objects towards the coyote. If you need to be somewhere, back away slowly like you would do to a bear. But otherwise, stand your ground. Avoiding this situation in general could be just avoiding nighttime from dusk to dawn. So I know it's easier said than done at this time of year just cause it's getting warmer and warmer. But if you could walk your dogs in the day, that would also limit your exposure to coyotes or to coyote conflicts like that. Oh, next please. For extra tips to protect cats, just like fruit, unfortunately outdoor cats are probably the top of five food menu items for coyotes in urban environments. If once they're outside, they're going to be at threat, whether it's from coyotes or cars or hawks. So if I know it's really hard to negotiate with outdoor cats, I would advise putting them in a patio or a small outdoor enclosure if you can't compromise on that, then the Humane society has these tips. So limiting the time that the food and water is outside for them, definitely taking the food back by nightfall and then making escape routes for the cats. So that could be elevated feeding stations, that could be possibly like planks to the of your house wherever you see them, frequencying. If there's not a lot of tall trees in your backyard or front yard or wherever the cats are, you could also make fake ones called cat post. So it's a 4 inch by 4 inch piece of wood that goes 8 to 10 feet tall so the cats could scramble up it but the the coyotes can't. This is not gonna stop the coyotes from trying to take the cats, but it might increase their survivorship. And then for extra tips to protect people, I would supervise toddlers when they're outside, coyotes very rarely bite people, but if they do a big percentage of that is toddlers just because they are small. I never again never run from a coyote. If a coyote approaches you, treat it like a bear, so don't approach it, don't run, make cloud noises and slowly back away. And if it's an emergency, always call 911. So as I mentioned before, most coyotes are not aggressive towards people. So in the history of the United States, there's been one fatality from a coyote attack. It actually happened not here, but in Glendale in 1981 to this three-year-old girl. It was preventable, unfortunately. All of the neighbors were feeding the coyotes, and so the coyotes got pretty habituated. There were a lot of red flags, like coyotes biting and nipping at people beforehand, and this three-year-old escaped her parents to get the mail. So that's actually how my county program started. We had to get the nice a lot of those coyotes that were being fed after that incident. But yeah, I know comparing coyotes to dogs is like comparing apples to oranges because dogs, we spend a lot more time with them and are in much closer proximity to them. But there's around 30 to 50 deaths, human deaths per year caused by dog bites. So like my coworker used to say, if there was a coyote on one end on a dog on the other and he would run towards the coyote. And yeah, for coyote bites that are non-lethal, there's on the statistics on that are pretty hard to say because there's a lot of interagency reporting and not a lot of sharing. But from the latest LA Times article, I think they counted 15 bites from 2020 and 25% of those happened in the Elysian Park area. So we're thinking that someone is feeding them there. So for the rare instance that coyotes do become aggressive towards humans, there is protocol for that. So for example, some cities have coyote management plans like Colver Cities, which is just a tiered response for every coyote action there is. The government will enlist an action that will take for most coyote management plans in LA County. Public education is key for coyotes that are frequenting the neighborhood or even taking pets. If there's a lot of pet attacks happening, then it might be at the city's discretion to hire a private trapper. If there is a coyote bite on a human, that's when the California Department of Fish and Wildlife will step in and we'll take a DNA sample if they can of the bite and then they will trap for with coyotes until they catch their suspect and dispatch them. Oh yeah, next please. So but yeah, to be honest, most coyotes are not, they're not aggressive towards humans. So as most cities have found out, the, the onus really is on us to keep our yards clean of food resources and to consistently haze coyotes to prevent most of the conflicts that we're seeing. So yeah, that's my presentation. Thank you for sitting through the whole thing. And yeah, I'm free to take questions now. Oh, so he asked our most of the dens underground. Yes, yeah, either from my experience, they could be in crawl spaces that are not necessarily underground, but they're partially underground. So yeah, anything that's enclosed, they'll use. Sometimes it'll be a lot, they're hailing, and I'm just curious about what that behavior represents. Are they communicating or they're killing something? It sounds kind of frightening but I'm curious about that. Yeah, so Coyotes have a really complex vocal system. I tried researching what all of them mean at one point and I don't think anyone knows yet. So yeah, it could be hunting, it could be finding a mate. You hear a lot of yapping and yapping during mating season in the winter time and it could be keeping other coyotes away just this morning. I was in LA City and I was approaching a den and and the mother was yipping and yapping just as an alarm call. So yeah. I live right by the golf course. And last night it was just a cacophony of sounds and screaming. And it goes for about two minutes, three minutes, and then it dies down. What? Yeah. So what is it generally though? Yeah, generally it could be all of the above. It could be hunting. It could be social hour. I can't tell you. How do they know what to read more, more pups? How would they know that? Oh, you mean like, you're saying that when there aren't enough around, instead of having six or eight pups, they have 14. How do they know to have 14? So scientists have found that phenomenon, but they don't know the mechanism. But yeah, the animal kingdom is crazy. Like, for example, there's a species of red-tailed deer that has a haram reproductive system. So, one male has a lot of female mates. And so, healthier females will tend to have more male biased offspring. They think it's because like there's more nutrients in her diet that, that, yeah, that set that off. But yeah, that animal kingdom is mysterious. It's not completely out of the blue for that, something like that to happen, especially when you get into the reproductive systems of the insect world, that's just totally crazy. Is the population in this area of coyotes has it been relatively stable or has there been any budget in the last 20 years, shall we say, in regards to monitoring the population? No. Yeah. Yeah, coyotes are notoriously difficult to trap. They're notoriously difficult to study. So I think one entity predicts that there's between 250,000 and 750,000 coyotes in the state of California. That's a huge range, so nobody knows. From just anecdotally, from what I've been talking with residents all over LA County, there's people who've lived in LA for 50 years, for 70 years, for their whole lives and they've never seen so many coyotes before. So I think I don't think I'm just hypothesizing right now but I don't think that there's an increase in population just because they are territorial, but I do think that they are becoming more urbanized and they have become better at exploiting food sources in the urban environment. Okay, and I want to read this at home carefully, but I do have to take my dog out at night, and I've lost nine cats, which during broad daylight. So yeah, nine. Sorry. I do need to take my dog out, and I have a small dog. When I had 120 pound dog, he was fine with the coyotes, but this one's only 51 pounds. How it risked am I by myself and the dark to take the dog out at 10 o'clock at night? So as long as you're going out first before your dog, I have heard of a dog running out before its owner just because it's so excited and it gets attacked by a coyote right away because they're sitting in wait. But they are pretty intimidated towards human adults. So I would always go out first, scan the area before you let your dog outside. You're going to give me a complex. They're on my patio every night. And I go out and scream at them. I have the coyote dog horn. Doesn't phase them. One of them yawn the other night, staring at me. Oh, really? You don't respect me. Yeah. OK, so just try to stand my ground. Yes, yeah. If they're there every night, then you might want to try the tips that I've advised before, possibly like the pepper sources or to do already have like a motion sensor light. I already learned to ignore it. Pepper, you mean like a pepper spray or a kite because really they wake me up every two hours because my dog starts barking Yeah, just just any kind of black pepper is fine Yeah, they're there every single night. Oh, they're obnoxious. Okay. It's why I'm here. Yeah Over on vinaig Because since it since it is pub season now that's actually one of the indications that there might be a dent close by. Oh great. Swale underneath my shades lounge. Okay. Thank you. Yeah, so if you're interested I could give you my contact information and possibly do a site visit. your thoughts about using Wolf urine? So wolves have not been in, they've come back to the state of California, but as far as L.A., they haven't been here for over 100 years. So the coyotes here do not know what wolves are. Yeah. It might actually attract them because it's like a novel thing that they don't know what it is. But yeah, I have heard people swear to it that it works. But yeah, I'm not going to recommend it. They don't know what wolves are here. It might work where there's wolves. This is on a different topic. Not that we want to hunt them, but isn't there a motion going around to make them game animals so that there's a hunting season that's just in-discriminate killing anytime? Oh, I'm unaware of that. I could look that up later. So would it take a while to get to the draper? In places that don't have coyote management plans, yes. Yes. That at least for government intervention, but if residents are very concerned that the coyote is becoming aggressive before a bite, then they do have the option of hiring their own private trapper. Following that question, if you wanted to hire private trapper, it's not gonna be cheap, but what I'm concerned about is you get rid of them and then other kaiyate's coming and feel that. So it's like a never-ending cycle. Yeah, exactly. I usually do not recommend the trapping route just because of the slides that I went through earlier. They're very good at filling in vacuums. So if the food and habitat remains, you'll have another k another coyote within a few weeks or a few months. So, I would only advise hiring a private trapper if like there was a den next to a bunch of little kids playing or something like that under certain circumstances. Well, my neighbor who some surprises in here has a five-year-old and a three-year-old, and that's the reason I called you a couple months ago, is I've already got those kids. So, there you go. Thank you. Thank you. I'm pretty loud. I don't know if I'll need this, but, oh no, I don't need it. It might be a little too ethereal, but when I was, I had no idea they've been around for 40,000 years. And it seems like they have a genetic component to adapt to their environment. And I don't want to be like that lady from Santa Barbara. But if we did feed them where they're no longer hungry, could they possibly leave the animal? Oh, I just saw your eyes Never mind but could they be safe? When I'm thinking they're Satiated then they will leave the little kids alone and our pets alone. Is that a possibility if they're shit if they're satiated They'll probably have more offspring Yeah, and yeah And yeah, it's a misdemeanor. So I would never recommend that. Yeah. I'm from Jersey, and I thought they were a dog, so I was feeding them for a wife. Sorry. Don't do it. Don't do it. And yeah, one of the reasons why it's a misdemeanor is because it It habituates coyotes to people so they start associating us with food. They'll start approaching us and and biting and yeah, that's That's the highest correlation to about to bites that happen in the area like those news reports that you see of those little of those children being attacked It's 99.9% of the time the neighbors have been feeding them. Okay. Yeah. Yeah, like me. Sorry. Oh no, no, no. You had good intentions. But this is just a comment. One thing about coyotes is that they're extremely clever. I work out in East LA quite often. Pretty much live out there, don't I? And what I found was there was a couple of coyotes. They went up to the stop sign or stop light. The light was red, and they sat there and waited till it turned green before they crossed the street. So they do learn off of our behaviors. And I have like a family that's believing in my yard. It hasn't come near me if I speak, they run away. So they're safe in that sense. But the one thing about these is that they kind of been, they know my routines. And so they kind of will sit there and watch. But I'm noticing that they're doing things that I'm kind of like you never did that before. And if they are making all that noise and I go knock it off guys, they stop. So you know it's not like you do it all the time because if you do something it's I used to have motion lights around my house and I found they just kind of ignored them. They ignored them over time. So you just shut them off and then they kind of oh and then when they come on, they stay away for a while. So it's kind of like those then they kind of, oh, and then when they come on, they stay away for a while. So it's kind of like those things they put in for the addicts that serve, the buzzers or whatever, things. Yeah, you frequently use this stuff. I think if you keep it variable and unpredictable, it will work longer. I was working with this couple in Rancho's Pals Verde and they timed their sprinkler system to just random times. And that actually has kept the coyotes away for a few months now. Actually, I have a property where there was a six foot fence all around and actually my my handyman came up with the idea of extending it four feet with a big green tennis netting. So for 15 years, I've never seen a coyote until the last two months now, somehow they managed to break through the plastic. But I did that to my entire property. I'm right there on the 90 degree turn on east road And that really worked very well. Just it's very inexpensive. You put post every three feet And you just attach the tennis netting and therefore you have a 10 foot fence grace Close your up close your ears They don't get they don't get over it. They can't get over it. They can stay away. They hear your voice and everything. I looked at the bat fence and one was about to put me in the rabbit. And he saw me. Yeah, most coyotes are skittish skittish towards humans Yeah, yeah, they do provide some ecosystem services for us Are there more females than males? Oh, as far as I know, no. Usually 50-50 is the standard for most vertebrates. Yeah. If there is a female or male bias, I do not know about it. Oh, I was talking about a vest. Yes. Yeah. But again, there's no scientific evidence. It's that it works. Some people do say that the coyote has still been able to attack their dog. There's others that say that it's given them time and hasn't caused us or helped to prevent like a fatal injury at least. So I would recommend that if you can't exclude your backyard and you can't supervise your dog. But yeah, to address your point for the coyotes, some of them do get a little more bolder used to human activity. So you do have to amp up your hazing. So getting closer to them, probably the most extreme form of hazing would be using projectiles that do not count as fire arms, since you can't use fire arms within city limits. So yeah, you know what, I'm I'm gonna revoke that for Grace. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, yeah, usually they don't respond if you haze from inside. You have to go out there. Right, are there any more questions or concerns? Could you ever train them if you catch them young enough to get along with domesticated animals? I really hate to see harm to any animal. Yeah. I wouldn't recommend it. I don't know of any studies or anything that's shown that. I don't really know the laws of having them as pets but I don't think that habituating themotes versus wolves. And they said that wolves could be domesticated. You could build a trusting relationship with the wolf because they have a different, it's because of their hierarchy and their packs. But they said coyotes, you can't do it. They tried taming them from birth. And there was no bond that could take place between coyote and human. They would of course be somewhat tame and got used to the human and expected the food and knew the routine, very, very intelligent. But you turn your back on them, they would do things, including biting. So there was never a relationship that could be built up that we have with dogs or even with wolves. I just thought that was interesting. Thank you. All right. Well, if that's everything, thank you so much, guys, for spending your evening with us here. And yeah, I have cards if you'd like to keep in touch. And I have, sorry, I forgot pamphlets, but if you guys want them emailed to you, you could add your name here. And yeah, did you want to say anything else, Grace? Okay. All right. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.